Spirituality—defined as the belief in a governing, sacred force in life—plays a fundamental role in individual and social well-being. Given the far-reaching psychological consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, re-examining the functions of spirituality in promoting human health has become an undeniable necessity; for spiritual beliefs—acting as a key factor in fostering hope, facilitating psychological adaptation, and enhancing the capacity to cope with pain, suffering, and the existential crises associated with life-threatening illnesses—exert an influence across various dimensions of life. The present study was conducted to examine the role of spiritual beliefs in promoting mental health, preventing psychological disorders, and mitigating the complications associated with COVID-19. Employing content analysis and a library-based (documentary) approach, the study elucidates the mechanisms through which spirituality influences the prevention and treatment processes of COVID-19. Findings indicate that spiritual interventions—grounded in the enhancement of personal skills and social support—can foster positive emotions, hope, and the pursuit of personal growth, thereby improving well-being. Furthermore, by promoting self-awareness and offering religious strategies for coping with adversity, these interventions reduce depression and anxiety, cultivate a sense of tranquility, and strengthen the capacity to manage stress. Additionally, spirituality exerts positive effects on the immune, cardiovascular, and nervous systems by mitigating nervous tension and fostering therapeutic emotions. In conclusion, by bolstering resilience, reducing stress, and fostering hope, spirituality plays a significant role in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, as well as in improving patients' quality of life; consequently, spiritual interventions enhance quality of life and facilitate acceptance of the illness by shifting patients' perspectives on life and their condition.